BIOINFORMATICS IN INDIA

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Studies of IDC points out that India will be a potential star in bioscience field in the coming years after considering the factors like bio-diversity, human resources, infrastructure facilities and government's initiatives. According to IDC, bioscience includes pharma, Bio-IT (bioinformatics), agriculture and R&D. IDC has been reported that the pharmaceutical firms and research institutes in India are looking forward for cost-effective and high-quality research, development, and manufacturing of drugs with more speed.
Bioinformatics has emerged out of the inputs from several different areas such as biology, biochemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, biostatics, and computer science. Specially designed algorithms and organized databases is the core of all informatics operations. The requirements for such an activity make heavy and high level demands on both the hardware and software capabilities.

This sector is the quickest growing field in the country. The vertical growth is because of the linkages between IT and biotechnology, spurred by the human genome project. The promising start-ups are already there in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, and Delhi. There are over 200 companies functioning in these places. IT majors such as Intel, IBM, Wipro are getting into this segment spurred by the promises in technological developments.

Government initiatives

Informatics is a very essential component in the biotech revolution. Ranging from reference to type-culture collections or comparing gene sequences access to comprehensive up-to-date biological information, all are crucial in almost every aspects of biotechnology. India, as a hub of scientific and academic research, was one of the first countries in the world to establish a nation wide bioinformatics network.

The department of biotechnology (DBT) initiated the program on bioinformatics way back in 1986-87. The Biotechnology Information System Network (BTIS), a division of DBT, has covered the entire country by connecting to the 57 key research centers. BTIS is providing an easy access to huge database to the scientists. Six national facilities on interactive graphics are dedicated to molecular modeling and other related areas. More than 100 databases on biotechnology have been developed. Two major databases namely coconut biotechnology databases and complete genome of white spota syndrome of shrimp has been released for public use. Several major international data bases for application to genomics and proteomics have been established in the form of mirror sites under the National Jai Vigyan Mission.

The BTIS proposes to increase the bandwidth of existing network and provide high-speed internet connectivity to continue with its present activities of training, education mirroring of public utility packages, consideration of R&D projects and support to different research activities in this field. The DBT is planning to set up a National Bioinformatics Institute as an apex body for the bioinformatics network in the country. The DBT also proposes to bolster a proper education in bioinformatics through publication of textbooks and monographs by reputed scientists in the field. Collaboration with the industry is also poised to increase in the coming years.

Opportunities

According to Confederation of Indian Industry(CII), the global bioinformatics industry clocked an estimated turnover of $2 billion in 2000 and is expected to become $60 billion by 2005. If the industry and government work together it is possible to achieve a five percent global market share by 2005, i.e., a $3 billion opportunity in India.

The past two years has seen many large multinational pharmaceutical companies acquiring other small companies and developing in the biosciences sector. IDC currently forecasts a compound annual growth rate (from 2001-02 to 2004-05) of about 10 percent in the spending on Information Technology by bioscience organizations. Considering the local market is generally less mature than those in the US and Europe, IDC forecasts more aggressive growth beyond 2005, as many of the organizations attempt to play "catch-up". Enterprise applications including data warehousing, knowledge management, and storage are being pursued by these companies as priorities.

IDC expects IT spending in biosciences in India will cross $138 million by 2005, mainly in the areas of system clusters, storage, application software, and services. Also the governments life science focus provides a great deal of the necessary backbone to develop and deliver innovative products and technologies. This focus will also helps to build fast-growing and lucrative enterprises, attract international investment, and create additional high-value employment opportunities.
Hence the focus of the IT sector should be on products and services that aligns with bioscience needs. Demonstrating a true understanding of the IT requirements of biotechnology processes is the key for IT suppliers to bridge the chasm that currently exists between IT and Science.

Advantages India has

India is well placed to take the global leadership in genome analysis, as is in a unique position in terms of genetic resources. India has several ethnic populations that are valuable in providing information about disease predisposition and susceptibility, which in turn will help in drug discovery.

However, as India lacks the records of clinical information about the patients, sequence date without clinical information will have little meaning. And hence partnership with clinicians is essential. The real money is in discovering new drugs for ourselves and not in supplying genetic information and data to the foreign companies, who would then use this information to discover new molecules .

The genomic data provides information about the sequence, but it doesn't give information about the function. It is still not possible to predict the actual 3-D structure of proteins. This is a key area of work as tools to predict correct folding patterns of proteins will help drug design research substantially. India has the potential to lead if it invests in this area.

Looking at this biotech and pharma companies need tremendous software support. Software expertise is required to write algorithms, develop software for existing algorithms, manage databases, and in final process of drug discovery.

Some major opportunity areas for IT companies include:

• Improving content and utility of databases
• Developing better tools for data generation, capture, and annotation
• Developing and improving tools and databases for comprehensive functional studies
• Developing and improving tools for representing and analyzing sequence similarity and variation
• Creating mechanisms to support effective approaches for producing robust, software that can be widely shared.

As major pharmaceutical and genome-based biotech companies invest heavily in software, Indian IT companies have a great business opportunity to offer complete database solutions to major pharmaceutical and genome-based biotech companies in the world.

Pure cost benefits for the biotech companies will definitely drive the bioinformatics industry in the country. The biotech industry in 2000 has spent an estimated 36 percent on R & D. Success for many will mean a drastic reduction in R&D costs. Thus biotech companies will be forced to outsource software rather than developing propriety software like in the past. Since the cost of programs for handling this data is extremely high in the west, Indian IT companies have a great business opportunity to offer complete database solutions to major pharmaceutical and genome-based biotech companies in the world.

The IT industry can also focus more on genomics through different levels of participation areas such as hardware, database product and packages, implementation and customization of software, and functionality enhancement of database.
Abraham Thomas, managing director, IBM India Ltd, says, "the alignment of a vast pool of scientific talent, a world-class IT industry, a vigorous generic pharmaceutical sector and government initiatives in establishment of public sector infrastructure and research labs are positioning India to emerge as a significant participant on the global biotech map."

With an objective to help and rise bioinformatics sector to the world map the Bioinformatics Society of India (Inbios) has been working since August 2001. The Inbios already has over 270 members in a short span of one and half years. It has become a common informal platform for the younger generation to learn and contribute to this sun rising field in India.

Problems in the sector

The major issue for India is its transition from a recognized global leader in software development to areas of real strength upon which it can capitalize in the biosciences. The identifiable areas are in computation biology and bioinformatics, where a substantial level of development skills are required to develop custom applications to knot together and integrate disparate databases (usually from several global locations), simulations, molecular images, docking programs etc.

The industry people, meanwhile, say that the mushrooming of bioinformatic institutes is creating a problem of finding talented and trained individuals in this industry. While many of them has a superficial knowledge and a certificate, India lacks true professionals in this area.

Most people, who opt for bioinformatics are from the life sciences areas that do not have exposure to the IT side of bioinformatics, which is very important. Another issue is that some companies face shortage of funds and infrastructure. The turn around time for an average biotech industry to breakeven would be around three to five years.

Most of the venture capitals and other sources of funding would not be very supportive, especially if the company is not part of a larger group venture. It would help if the government would take an active role in building infrastructure and funding small and medium entrepreneurs.

Biotechnology Information Systems (BTIS)

The objective of setting up BTIs

• To provide a national bioinformation network designed to bridge the inter-disciplinary gaps in biotechnology information and to establish link among scientists in organisations involved in R&D and manufacturing activities in biotechnology.
• To build up information resources, prepares databases on biotechnology and to develop relevant informtion handling tools and techniques.
• To continuously acess information requirements, organize creation of necessary infrastructure and to provide informtion and computer support services to the national community of users.
• To establish linkages with international resources in Biotechnology information (eg.Databanks on genetic materials, published literature, patents and other information of scientific and commerical value).
• To evolve and implement programmes on education of users and training of information scientsts responsible for handling of biotechnology informtion and its applications to biotechnology research and development.
• To develop, support and enhance public informtion resources for biotechnology in India, eg.Genbanks, molecular biology data and related research information resources.
• To undertake preparing and publishing surveys, state of the art reports and forecasts for several branches of the sector.
• To provide a national backbone for exchange and analysis of information covering aspects of mult-disciplinary Biotechnology amongst the national community comprising scientists, research scholars, students, industry and planning personnel.

BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES

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BIO-INFORMATICS COMPANY IN INDIA

• Strand Genomics - Bioinformatics software design and development
• Ocimum BioSolutions - Bioinformatics software modules and training
• Manvish Infotech - Specializes in embedded systems, bioinformatics and content development
• BrainWave - Contract based research in bioinformatics and genome studies
• Bioinformatics Institute of India - Non-profit research and development centre
• Bigtec - Bioinformatics and medical informatics research
• Avestha Gengraine - Bioinformatics research and development
• AUKBC - Research in communications, networking, mathematics and bioinformatics
• Center for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics - DNA, fingerprinting, molecular diagnostics & bioinformatics
• Bioinformatics Centre, Madurai Kamaraj University - Research in genetic engineering, molecular biology and biophysics
• Bioinformatics Center - Biotechnolgy related information provider
  
  
  BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES IN INDIA
  
• A.V.Thomas Biotechnolgy - Commercial plant tissue culture laboratory
• Amersham Biosciences - Focuses on disease research, and drug development
• AstraZeneca - Research on infectious diseases and drugs
• Avestha Gengraine - Bioinformatics research and development
• Bangalore Bio - Resource on biotech companies, institutes and policies
• Bangalore Genei - Manufacturer of reagents and equipment for DNA research
• Bigtec - Bioinformatics and medical informatics research
• Bio-Instruments - Distributor of biotechnology and agri-research instruments
• BioSoft - Application of biotechnology in acqaculture management
• Biotech India - Molecular biology, immunology and cell biology research products
• Biotech Support Services - Resource on biotechnology industry & services
• Biotron Healthcare - Supplier of biotechnology instruments
• Esscee Biotech - Synthetic DNA and RNA manufacturer
• Genotypic Technologies - Nucleic acids and cDNA library construction services
• Greenearth Biotechnologies - Tissue culture research and plants supplier
• Growmore Biotech - Commercial plant tissue culture
• Harrisons Malayalam - Plant tissue culture & exporter of flowering plants
• Hitech Bio-Services - Maintenance services for biotechnology instruments
• Honey Bee - Newsletter on grassroot level biodiversity innovations
• Indfrag Biosciences - Herbal extracts manufacturer
• Metahelix Life Sciences - Research in life science informatics and genomics
• Microbax - Producer of lactobacillus sporogenes
• Millipore India - Biotechnology research and therapeutic drugs manufacturer
• Monsanto India - Developer of biotech products like seeds & herbicides
• Novozymes - Enzymes and biocatalysts producer
• Organica Biotech - Biotech products for waste water and lake water treatement
• Phalada Agro - Biofertilizers and hormones manufacturer
• Sartorius Biotech - Biomolecular and microbial separations applications development
• Seatech Polymers - Agar polymers for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, microbiology and food industries

U.S Biotech Companies

Arizona

The Mattson Jack Group West (Scottsdale, Arizona)

California Celera Diagnostics (Alameda, California)
CoreBio Group, Inc. (Belmont, California)
Bayer Corporation, Pharmaceutical Division (CA) (Berkeley, California)
University of California, Berkeley (CAL) (Berkeley, California)
XOMA (US) LLC (Berkeley, California)
B. Allen Group (Brisbane, California)
InterMune, Inc. (Brisbane, California)
VaxGen, Inc. (Brisbane, California)
BioSeek, Inc. (Burlingame, California)
In-Vivo Technologies, Inc. (Burlingame, California)
Valentis, Inc. (Burlingame, California)
On Assignment Lab Support (Calabasas, California)

Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, California)
Ontogen Corporation (Carlsbad, California)
Quorex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Carlsbad, California)
CTL ImmunoTherapies Corporation (Chatsworth, California)
Stedim Incorporated (Concord, California)
Ribapharm Inc. (Costa Mesa, California)
Novozymes Biotech, Inc. (Davis, California)
University of California, Davis (UCD) (Davis, California)
Chiron Contract Manufacturing (Emeryville, California)
Chiron Corporation (Emeryville, California)
MRBiotech (Emeryville, California)
Applied Biosystems (Foster City, California)
Gilead Sciences (Foster City, California)
Abgenix (Fremont, California)
Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc. (Fremont, California)
Matrix Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Acquired By Chiron Corporation) (Fremont, California)
Protein Design Labs, Inc. (Fremont, California)
SangStat Medical Corp. (Fremont, California)
Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Fullerton, California)
California State University, Fullerton (Fullerton, California)
Doug Struthers Studio (Half Moon Bay, California)
Aradigm Corporation (Hayward, California)
California State University, Hayward (Hayward, California)
IMPAX Laboratories, Inc. (Hayward, California)
Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. (Hayward, California)
Metabolex, Inc. (Hayward, California)
Quantum Dot Corporation (Hayward, California)
Zyomyx, Inc. (Hayward, California)
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (Hercules, California)
Allergan Inc. (Irvine, California)
UCI Office of Technology Alliances (OTA) (Irvine, California)
Strategic Health Resources (La Canada, California)
ActivX Biosciences, Inc. (La Jolla, California)
CONNECT (La Jolla, California)
California Healthcare Institute (CHI) (La Jolla, California)
Digital Gene Technologies (La Jolla, California)
La Jolla Biotech, A Research & Trading Association (La Jolla, California)
Molecular Medicine BioServices, Inc. (La Jolla, California)
Neurogenetics, Inc. (La Jolla, California)
Neurome, Inc. (La Jolla, California)
Salk Institute for Biological Studies (La Jolla, California)
The Burnham Institute (La Jolla, California)
The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla, California)
allvivo, Inc. (Lake Forest, California)
Cell Matrix Inc. (Acquired By CancerVax) (Los Angeles, California)
Epeius Biotechnologies Corporation (Los Angeles, California)
Southern California Biomedical Council (SCBC) (Los Angeles, California)
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Los Angeles, California)
University of Southern California (Los Angeles, California)
VasGene Therapeutics Inc. (Los Angeles, California)
BioDiscovery, Inc. (Marina del Rey, California)
Brentwood Venture Capital (Menlo Park, California)
ChemGenex Therapeutics, Inc. (Menlo Park, California)
Geron Corporation (Menlo Park, California)
PPD Discovery, Inc. (Menlo Park, California)
SRI International (Menlo Park, California)
The Nasdaq Stock Market -- California (Menlo Park, California)
ACLARA BioSciences, Inc. (Mountain View, California)
ALZA Corporation (Mountain View, California)
Aviron (Acquired By MedImmune, Inc.) (Mountain View, California)
Caliper Technologies Corporation (Mountain View, California)
ProTrials Research, Inc. (Mountain View, California)
Quintiles Biotechnology Solutions Networks - Mountain View (Mountain View, California)
SafeBridge Consultants, Inc. (Mountain View, California)
BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (Novato, California)
Agilent Technologies Inc. (Palo Alto, California)
Alloy Ventures (Palo Alto, California)
BD Biosciences Clontech (Formerly Clontech Laboratories, A Division Of Becton Dickinson) (Palo Alto, California)
Connetics Corporation (Palo Alto, California)
DNAX Research, Inc. (Palo Alto, California)
Incyte Genomics (Palo Alto, California)
Rinat Neuroscience Corporation (Palo Alto, California)
Roche Palo Alto (Palo Alto, California)
Yamanouchi Pharma Technologies, Inc. (Palo Alto, California)
Catalyst Pharmaceutical Research, LLC (Pasadena, California)
Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. (Pleasanton, California)
Genelabs Technologies, Inc. (Redwood City, California)
Maxygen, Inc. (Redwood City, California)
Berlex Laboratories, Inc. (Richmond, California)
Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Richmond, California)
ChemoCentryx (San Carlos, California)
Inhale Therapeutic Systems, Inc. (Now Nektar Therapeutics) (San Carlos, California)
Nektar Therapeutics (Formerly Inhale Therapeutic Systems, Inc.) (San Carlos, California)
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc. (San Diego, California)
AVANIR Pharmaceuticals (San Diego, California)
AVIVA Biosciences Corporation (San Diego, California)
Accelrys Inc. (San Diego, California)
Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. (San Diego, California)
Althea Technologies, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Ambit Biosciences Corporation (San Diego, California)
Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Anadys Pharmaceuticals (San Diego, California)
Apovia Inc. (San Diego, California)
Applied Molecular Evolution, Inc. (AME) (San Diego, California)
Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Axiom Biotechnologies (Acquired By Sequenom) (San Diego, California)
BD Biosciences Pharmingen (San Diego, California)
BIOCOM/san diego (San Diego, California)
BioMedica Inc. (San Diego, California)
Biosite Incorporated (San Diego, California)
Biostruct (San Diego, California)
Cabrillo Laboratories (San Diego, California)
Cardinal Health (Formerly Known as Magellan Pharmaceutical Development (San Diego, California)
Celgene - Signal Research Division (San Diego, California)
Ceregene, Inc. (San Diego, California)
ChemBridge Corporation (San Diego, California)
ChemNavigator (San Diego, California)
Chugai Pharma USA, LLC. (San Diego, California)
Collateral Therapeutics (Acquired By Schering AG) (San Diego, California)
Collins Development Company (San Diego, California)
Cytovia, Inc. (Acquired By Maxim Pharmaceuticals) (San Diego, California)
DermTech International (San Diego, California)
Egea Biosciences (San Diego, California)
Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, CA) (San Diego, California)
Elitra Pharmaceuticals Inc. (San Diego, California)
Favrille, Inc. (San Diego, California)
GENSET Corporation (San Diego, California)
Gen-Probe Incorporated (San Diego, California)
GenStar Therapeutics Corporation (San Diego, California)
Genicon Sciences Corporation (San Diego, California)
HK Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals Inc. (San Diego, California)
IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation (San Diego, California)
Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Illumina, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC (CA) (San Diego, California)
LION Bioscience, Inc. (Formerly Trega Biosciences) - San Diego, CA (San Diego, California)
La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company (San Diego, California)
Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc. (San Diego, California)
Maxim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, California)
MediGene, Inc. (San Diego, California)
MediciNova, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Medinox, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Merck Research Laboratories (San Diego, California)
MitoKor (San Diego, California)
NewBiotics, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Pfizer Global Research & Development, La Jolla Laboratories (San Diego, California)
Prometheus Laboratories Inc. (San Diego, California)
Quintiles Biotechnology Solutions Network - San Diego (San Diego, California)
STATPROBE, Inc. (San Diego) (San Diego, California)
San Diego Miramar College (San Diego, California)
Selective Genetics, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Sequenom Inc. (San Diego, California)
Shanks & Herbert (San Diego, California)
Stressgen Biotechnologies Corporation (San Diego, California)
Structural GenomiX, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Syrrx, Inc. (San Diego, California)
TargeGen, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Targeted Molecules Corporation (San Diego, California)
The Charity Lab (San Diego, California)
The Dow Chemical Company (San Diego, California) (San Diego, California)
Triad Therapeutics, Inc. (San Diego, California)
X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc. (San Diego, California)
Australian Trade Commission and Consulate, San Francisco (San Francisco, California)
Bay Area Bioscience Center (San Francisco, California)
BioQuest (San Francisco, California)
BioSpace, Inc. (San Francisco, California)
Gentiae Clinical Research (San Francisco, California)
Kimco Technology Group (Formerly Medi-Quest Staffing Services) (San Francisco, California)
Manning, Selvage & Lee (San Francisco, California)
Mission Bay -- A Catellus Development (San Francisco, California)
Reaction Search International (San Francisco, California)
San Francisco State University (SFSU) (San Francisco, California)
Signature BioScience, Inc. (San Francisco, California)
Sofinnova Ventures (San Francisco, California)
Thinknicity (San Francisco, California)
University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (San Francisco, California)
Versaggi Biocommunications (San Francisco, California)
BD Biosciences / San Jose (San Jose, California)
San Jose State University (SJSU) (San Jose, California)
California State University, San Marcos (San Marcos, California)
R&D Logic, Inc. (San Mateo, California)
Sanderling Ventures (San Mateo, California)
SciClone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Mateo, California)
Scimagix, Inc. (San Mateo, California)
ARYx Therapeutics, Inc. (Santa Clara, California)
Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California)
Lab Pros, Inc. (Santa Clara, California)
XenoPort, Inc. (Santa Clara, California)
The Domann Organization, Inc. (Santa Rosa, California)
AGY Therapeutics, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
BioPathology Sciences (South San Francisco, California)
Celera Genomics South San Francisco (South San Francisco, California)
Cell Genesys, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Cytokinetics, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Discovery Partners International Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) (South San Francisco, California)
Exelixis, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
FibroGen, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Genentech, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Gryphon Therapeutics (Formerly Gryphon Sciences) (South San Francisco, California)
Novacea (South San Francisco, California)
Raven Biotechnologies, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Renovis, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
SUGEN, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
Theravance, Inc. (formerly Advanced Medicine) (South San Francisco, California)
Tularik Inc. (South San Francisco, California)
diaDexus (South San Francisco, California)
Stanford University (Stanford, California)
BioSource Technical Service (A Division of Manpower, Inc.) (Sunnyvale, California)
Clingenix, Inc. - Corporate Office (Sunnyvale, California)
Nuvelo, Inc. (Hyseq Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) (Sunnyvale, California)
Pharmacyclics, Inc. (Sunnyvale, California)
Scios Inc. (Sunnyvale, California)
Virtual Arrays, Inc. (Sunnyvale, California)
CHEMICON International, Inc. (Temecula, California)
Amgen (Thousand Oaks, California)
AlleCure Corporation (Valencia, California)
Matrix Technologies (Walnut Creek, California)
Zengen, Inc. (Woodland Hills, California)

Colorado Atugen USA, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado)

Quovadx, Inc. (Englewood, Colorado)

Connecticut The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, L.L.C. (Branford, Connecticut)

Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cheshire, Connecticut)

Pfizer Inc. - Global Research and Development (Groton, Connecticut)

Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New Haven, Connecticut)
CURE-Connecticut's BioScience Cluster (New Haven, Connecticut)
CuraGen Corporation (New Haven, Connecticut)
Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New Haven, Connecticut)
Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New Haven, Connecticut)
Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut)

Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Ridgefield, Connecticut)

Purdue Pharma L.P. (Connecticut) (Stamford, Connecticut)

University of Connecticut (Storrs, Connecticut)

Bayer Corporation, Pharmaceutical Division (CT) (West Haven, Connecticut)

Delaware Search Masters International (Delaware) (New Castle, Delaware)

Delaware Biotechnology Institute (Newark, Delaware)
Phoenix Imperative Inc. (Newark, Delaware)
University of Delaware (Newark, Delaware)

AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (Wilmington, Delaware)

Florida Nabi Biopharmaceuticals (Boca Raton, Florida)

Georgia Inhibitex, Inc. (Alpharetta, Georgia)

UCB-Bioproducts Inc. (Smyrna, Georgia)

Illinois Integrated Project Management Co., Inc. (IPM) (Burr Ridge, Illinois)

Baxter International, Inc. (Deerfield, Illinois)

Advanced Clinical Services (Downers Grove, Illinois)
Search Masters International (Downers Grove, Illinois)

Northwestern University Center for Biotechnology (Evanston , Illinois)

MediChem Life Sciences (Acquired By DeCODE genetics, Inc.) (Woodridge, Illinois)

Indiana Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Guidant Corporation (Indianapolis, Indiana)

Maryland BOC Gases (Baltimore, Maryland)
Cambrex Bio Science Baltimore, Inc. (Baltimore, Maryland)
Cambrex Biopharmaceutical Services (Baltimore, Maryland)
Community of Science (COS) (Baltimore, Maryland)
Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Baltimore, Maryland)
Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Maryland)
Grubb & Ellis (Bethesda, Maryland)
InforMax, Inc. (Bethesda, Maryland)
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Bethesda, Maryland)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Chevy Chase, Maryland)
University of Maryland (College Park, Maryland)
Advanced Biotechnologies Inc. (ABI) (Columbia, Maryland)
Aerotek Scientific and Clinical Solutions (Columbia, Maryland)
Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO) (Columbia, Maryland)
Norseman, Inc. (Elkridge, Maryland)
DynPort Vaccine Company LLC (Frederick, Maryland)
Pathology Associates - A Charles River Company (Frederick, Maryland)
SAIC-Frederick, Inc. (Frederick, Maryland)
Aptus Genomics, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
Artesian Therapeutics, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
Digene Corporation (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
Gene Logic, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
MedImmune, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
TherImmune Research Corporation (Gaithersburg, Maryland)
Society for In Vitro Biology (SIVB) (Largo, Maryland)
BioReliance Corporation (Rockville, Maryland)
Celera Genomics Corporation (Rockville, Maryland)
Cryonix, Inc. (Rockville, Maryland)
EntreMed, Inc. (Rockville, Maryland)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Rockville, Maryland)
Functional Genetics, Inc. (Rockville, Maryland)
Human Genome Sciences, Inc. (Rockville, Maryland)
Maryland Bioscience Alliance / Technology Council of Maryland (Rockville, Maryland)
McKesson BioServices (Rockville, Maryland)
Medifacts International (Rockville, Maryland)
Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Rockville, Maryland)
The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) (Rockville, Maryland)
The Nasdaq Stock Market -- Maryland (Rockville, Maryland)
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (UMBI) (Rockville, Maryland)
Westat (Rockville, Maryland)
Cambrex Bio Science Walkersville, Inc. (Formerly known as BioWhittaker, Inc.) (Walkersville, Maryland)

Massachusetts MicroTest Laboratories (Agawam, Massachusetts)
University of Massachusetts (Amherst, Massachusetts)
Formatech, Inc. (Andover, Massachusetts)
InnoCentive, Inc. (Andover, Massachusetts)
Agencourt Bioscience Corporation (Beverly, Massachusetts)
Millipore Corporation (Billerica, Massachusetts)
Boston University (Boston, Massachusetts)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts)
Caregroup Occupational Health Network (Boston, Massachusetts)
CombinatoRx, Incorporated (Boston, Massachusetts)
Comerica (Boston, Massachusetts)
Contact Singapore (Boston, Massachusetts)
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Boston, Massachusetts)
L.E.K. Consulting LLC (Boston, Massachusetts)
MPM Capital (Boston, Massachusetts)
Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Research Program (Boston, Massachusetts)
Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Boston, Massachusetts)
PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Boston, Massachusetts)
Rhodia Chirex (Boston, Massachusetts)
Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault, LLP (Boston, Massachusetts)
3rd Millennium Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Advanced Magnetics, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Alkermes (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Altus Biologics, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Amgen (Cambridge, Massachusetts) (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Biogen, Inc. (Massachusetts) (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Biopure Corporation (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Curis, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Dyax Corp. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
EPIX Medical, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Forest City: Boston (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Genzyme Corporation (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Hybridon, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
ImmunoGen, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Massachusetts Biotechnology Council, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts) (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Pfizer Discovery Technology Center (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc. (TKT) (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
VARIAGENICS, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Whitehead Institute (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Wyeth Research (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Boston College (Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts)
Averion (Formerly Boston Biostatistics, Inc.) (Framingham, Massachusetts)
Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lexington, Massachusetts)
Lexigen Pharmaceuticals Corp. (Lexington, Massachusetts)
Phylos, Inc. (Lexington, Massachusetts)
Sequitur, Inc. (Natick, Massachusetts)
Cyclis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Norwood, Massachusetts)
Serono, Inc. (Rockland, Massachusetts)
Boston Biomedica, Inc. (W. Bridgewater, Massachusetts)
AltaRex Corp. (Waltham, Massachusetts)
Altana Research Institute (Waltham, Massachusetts)
AstraZeneca R&D Boston (Waltham, Massachusetts)
Beyond Genomics, Inc. (Waltham, Massachusetts)
EngeneOS (Waltham, Massachusetts)
GPC Biotech, Inc. (Waltham, Massachusetts)
PAREXEL International (Waltham, Massachusetts)
Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Watertown, Massachusetts)
V.I. Technologies, Inc. (VITEX) (Watertown, Massachusetts)
PerkinElmer, Inc. (Wellesley, Massachusetts)
Health Advances, LLC (Weston, Massachusetts)
ArQule, Inc. (Woburn, Massachusetts)
Pierce Boston Technology Center (Woburn, Massachusetts)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Woods Hole, Massachusetts)
ABBOTT Bioresearch Center (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Hypnion, Inc. (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Massachusetts Biotechnology Research Park and CenTech Park (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Worcester Polytechnic Institute (Worcester, Massachusetts)

Michigan Wacker Biochem Corporation (Adrian, Michigan)
Ardesta (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Biotherapies, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Core Technology Alliance (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Equilibria (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Genomic Solutions (Acquired By Harvard Bioscience, Inc.) (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
HandyLab, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Michigan Biosciences Organization - MichBio (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Molecular Therapeutics (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Pfizer, Ann Arbor, MI (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Rubicon Genomics, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
STATPROBE, Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
TERRE Clinical Research Services (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Vector Core (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Osmic, Inc. (Auburn Hills, Michigan)
ApoLife, Inc. (Detroit, Michigan)
Asterand, Inc. (Detroit, Michigan)
Detroit R&D, Inc. (Detroit, Michigan)
Wayne State University (Detroit, Michigan)
Michigan State University (East Lansing, Michigan)
Ferndale Laboratories, Inc. (Ferndale, Michigan)
The Right Place Program (Grand Rapids, Michigan)
Van Andel Institute (Grand Rapids, Michigan)
Pfizer, Holland, MI (Holland, Michigan)
Southwest Michigan First (Kalamazoo, Michigan)
Southwest Michigan Innovation Center (SMIC) (Kalamazoo, Michigan)
VDDI Pharmaceuticals, Michigan (Kalamazoo, Michigan)
BioPort Corporation (Lansing, Michigan)
Michigan Economic Development Corporation - MEDC (Lansing, Michigan)
MPI Research (Mattawan, Michigan)
The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Michigan)
Oxford Biomedical Research (Oxford, Michigan)
Baxter BioScience Corporation, MI (Rochester, Michigan)
King Pharmaceuticals, Inc. - Sterile Products Operations (Rochester, Michigan)
Oakland University (Rochester, Michigan)
Kelly Scientific Resources (Troy, Michigan)
Add-A-Tech, Inc. (Wayne, Michigan)
CLAS - Clinical Ligand Assay Society (Wayne, Michigan)
SubTerra L.L.C. (White Pine, Michigan)
ISSYS - Integrated Sensing Systems (Ypsilanti, Michigan)

Missouri Monsanto Company (St. Louis, Missouri)
Solutia, Inc. (St. Louis, Missouri)

New Jersey Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Bridgewater, New Jersey)

Rutgers Business School (Camden) (Camden, New Jersey)

EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cranbury, New Jersey)
Purdue Pharma L.P. (New Jersey) (Cranbury, New Jersey)

Cambrex Corporation (East Rutherford, New Jersey)

Eagle Research, Inc. (Fairfield, New Jersey)

Beardsworth Consulting Group, Inc. (BCGI®) (Flemington, New Jersey)

Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute (PRI) (Lawrenceville, New Jersey)
Bristol-Myers Squibb World Wide Medicines Group (Lawrenceville, New Jersey)
PPD Development (New Jersey) (Lawrenceville, New Jersey)
Vela Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Lawrenceville, New Jersey)

Memory Pharmaceuticals Corp. (Montvale, New Jersey)

Pfizer Warner-Lambert Consumer Health (Morris Plains, New Jersey)

Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, New Jersey)
Rutgers University (New Brunswick, New Jersey)

The Technology Centre of New Jersey (North Brunswick, New Jersey)

Amersham Biosciences (Formerly Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc. (APBiotech)) (Piscataway, New Jersey)

Covance Inc. (Princeton, New Jersey)
Cytogen Corporation (Princeton, New Jersey)
Medarex, Inc. (Princeton, New Jersey)
Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NNPI) (Princeton, New Jersey)
Orchid BioSciences, Inc. (Princeton, New Jersey)
Pharmacopeia, Inc. (Princeton, New Jersey)
Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey)
Sarnoff Corporation (Princeton, New Jersey)

PTC Therapeutics, Inc. (South Plainfield, New Jersey)

Merck & Co., Inc. (Whitehouse Station, New Jersey)

New Mexico

National Center for Genome Resources (Santa Fe, New Mexico)

New York The Neil Michael Group, Inc. (NMG) (Great Neck, New York)

Acorda Therapeutics (Hawthorne, New York)
Mojave Therapeutics, Inc. (Hawthorne, New York)

Cornell University (Ithaca, New York)

Columbia University (Manhattan, New York)

OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Melville, New York)

Antigenics Inc. (New York, New York)
Audubon Biomedical Science and Technology Park (New York, New York)
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (New York, New York)
Forest Laboratories, Inc. (New York, New York)
ImClone Systems Incorporated (New York, New York)
Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc. (New York, New York)
LedbetterStevens, Inc. (New York, New York)
New York University (New York, New York)
Pfizer Inc. (New York, New York)
SG Cowen (New York, New York)
Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP (New York, New York)
The Nasdaq Stock Market -- New York (New York, New York)

Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc. - US Headquarters (New York City, New York)

Genpak Inc. (Stony Brook, New York)
New York Biotechnology Association (Stony Brook, New York)
SUNY at Stony Brook (Stony Brook, New York)

Bayer Diagnostics (Tarrytown, New York)
Emisphere Technologies, Inc. (Tarrytown, New York)

North Carolina

Dialog Corporation (Cary, North Carolina)
Inveresk Research (Incorporating CTBR) (Cary, North Carolina)
inGenium Research, Inc. (Cary, North Carolina)

DarPharma, Inc. (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)
University of North Carolina (UNC) (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)

University of North Carolina - Charlotte (Charlotte, North Carolina)

Bayer Corporation, Biological Products Business Group (Clayton, North Carolina)

Amphora Discovery Corporation (Durham, North Carolina)
ClinForce, Inc. (Durham, North Carolina)
Duke University (Durham, North Carolina)
Duke University Medical Center (Durham, North Carolina)
EMD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Durham, North Carolina)
Icagen, Inc. (Durham, North Carolina)
Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Durham, North Carolina)
Quintiles Biotechnology Solutions Network - North Carolina (Durham, North Carolina)
Quintiles Transnational Corp. (Durham, North Carolina)
Serenex (Durham, North Carolina)
Trimeris, Inc. (Durham, North Carolina)
Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, PLLC (Durham, North Carolina)

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (Greensboro, North Carolina)
Syngenta Crop Protection USA (Formerly Novartis Crop Protection USA) (Greensboro, North Carolina)
University of North Carolina - Greensboro (Greensboro, North Carolina)

DSM Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Greenville, North Carolina)

MWG Biotech Inc. (High Point, North Carolina)
PharmaCore, Inc. (High Point, North Carolina)
TransTech Pharma Inc. (TTP) (High Point, North Carolina)

Bertek Pharmaceuticals Inc. (North Carolina) (Morrisville, North Carolina)
Norak Biosciences, Inc. (Morrisville, North Carolina)
PPD Development (Morrisville, North Carolina)
STATPROBE, Inc. (North Carolina) (Morrisville, North Carolina)

Biolex, Inc. (Pittsboro, North Carolina)

Manpower Professional (Raleigh, North Carolina) (Raleigh, North Carolina)

Biogen, Inc. (North Carolina) (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
Council for Entrepreneurial Development (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
GlaxoSmithKline -- North Carolina, United States (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
Nobex Corporation (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
North Carolina Biotechnology Center (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
Paradigm Genetics, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
Ribonomics, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)
Syngenta Biotechnology Inc. -- Research (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)

Wyeth-Vaccines (Sanford, North Carolina)

AAI International, An aaiPharma Company (Wilmington, North Carolina)
PPD, Inc. (Wilmington, North Carolina)
University of North Carolina - Wilmington (Wilmington, North Carolina)

Kucera Pharmaceutical Company (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)
Targacept, Inc. (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)
The MacKenzie Law Firm (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)
Wake Forest University (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)
Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center (WFUBMC) (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)
Wake Forest University School of Medicine (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)

Ohio

Athersys, Inc. (Cleveland, Ohio)
Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland, Ohio)

The Virtual World Congress - The American College of Chest Physicians (Mason, Ohio)

YSI Incorporated (Life Sciences) (Yellow Springs, Ohio)

Oregon

Oregon State University Center for Gene Research & Biotechnology (Corvallis, Oregon)

University of Oregon (Eugene, Oregon)

Pennsylvania

Locus Discovery, Inc. (Blue Bell, Pennsylvania)

Absorption Systems (Exton, Pennsylvania)

Genactis, Inc. (Fort Washington, Pennsylvania)
Liquent (Fort Washington, Pennsylvania)

Acurian, Inc. (Horsham, Pennsylvania)
Neose Technologies, Inc. (Horsham, Pennsylvania)

Knowledge Express Data Systems, L.C. (King of Prussia, Pennsylvania)

Centocor, Inc. (Malvern, Pennsylvania)
Pennsylvania Biotechnology Association (Malvern, Pennsylvania)

ICON Clinical Research, Inc. (North Wales, Pennsylvania)

Woodcock Washburn Kurtz Mackiewicz & Norris LLP (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Yoh Scientific Headquarters (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)

Cellomics, Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
Development Dimensions International (DDI) (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
ImmunoSite, Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
TissueInformatics.Inc (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Wyeth (Pennsylvania) (St. Davids, Pennsylvania)

Vincogen Corporation (Trevose, Pennsylvania)

Penn State University (University Park, Pennsylvania)

First Consulting Group (Wayne, Pennsylvania)

Cephalon, Inc. (West Chester, Pennsylvania)

3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Yardley, Pennsylvania)

Rhode Island

The Dow Chemical Company (Smithfield, Rhode Island) (Smithfield, Rhode Island)

Amgen Inc. (West Greenwich, Rhode Island) (West Greenwich, Rhode Island)

South Carolina

Pilot Therapeutics (Charleston, South Carolina)
Search Masters International (South Carolina) (Charleston, South Carolina)

Texas

InfoQuest Clinical Network, Inc. (Burleson, Texas)

CytoGenix, Inc (Houston, Texas)

Utah Center for Cell Signaling -- The University of Utah (Salt Lake City, Utah)

Virginia BioPros, Inc. (Arlington, Virginia)
National Science Foundation (Arlington, Virginia)
Pharmaceutical Education and Research Institute (PERI) (Arlington, Virginia)

Virginia Bioinformatics Institute (Blacksburg, Virginia)

University of Virginia (Charlottesville, Virginia)

BTG, Inc. (Fairfax, Virginia)
George Mason University (Fairfax, Virginia)

James Madison University (Harrisonburg, Virginia)

Virginia's Center For Innovative Technology (Herndon, Virginia)

Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, PLLC (McLean, Virginia)

Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. (Reston, Virginia)

Virginia Biotechnology Association (VaBIO) (Richmond, Virginia)
Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, Virginia)

College of William and Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia)

Washington Emerald BioStructures, Inc. (Bainbridge Island, Washington)

Celltech R&D, Inc. (Bothell, Washington)

SNBL USA, Ltd. (Everett, Washington)

Rosetta Inpharmatics, Inc. (Kirkland, Washington)

Washington State University (Pullman, Washington)

Corixa Corporation (Seattle, Washington)
Corus Pharma, Inc. (Seattle, Washington)
Dendreon Corporation (Seattle, Washington)
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle, Washington)
Insightful Corporation (Seattle, Washington)
LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc. (Seattle, Washington)
NeoRx Corporation (Seattle, Washington)
Targeted Genetics Corporation (Seattle, Washington)
University of Washington (Seattle, Washington)
ZymoGenetics, Inc. (Seattle, Washington)

Wisconsin

Niro Soavi (Hudson, Wisconsin)

Quintessence Biosciences, Inc. (Madison, Wisconsin)
University of Wisconsin-Madison -- Department of Engineering Professional Development (Madison, Wisconsin)

Manpower Scientific (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)

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